Trend 2014-renewable-frankurt

Super Dyma

Sumitomo develop new material. Composition with multi layer metal zinc AL & Fe. See the pdf file.

Road Map Renewable Energy 2025

1.Hidro. 2.Wind. 3.PV

Bagaimana cara memulai menjadi pengusaha?

Editor”s note : “Bagaimana cara memulai menjadi pengusaha ?” Beberapa orang memulai denganmembuat toko online, tetapi bagaimana mindset untuk memulainya ? Pertanyaan ini sangat banyak ditanyakan oleh orang yang ingin memulai bisnis. Anda bisa mendapatkan banyak jawaban dari berbagai sudut pandang. Berikut ini adalah jawaban dari Oliver Emberton, founder dari Silktide, sebuah software company di Inggris.   Anda tidak butuh kualifikasi tertentu, uang atau otak sebesar planet atau bahkan sebuah ide yang bagus sekali. Yang dilakukan entrepreneur adalah membuat “sesuatu” yang secara konsisten menghasilkan uang. Pikirkanlah, sebuah perusahaan sebagai mesin yang Anda desain dan bangun, berikut ini adalah McDonalds :   Mesin Anda pasti memiliki bagian-bagian tertentu. Ia menjual sesuatu kepada seseorang dan me-re invest sebagian penjualan untuk membantu membuat penjualan di masa depan. Yang tersisa adalah profit untuk owner. Berikut ini adalah contoh dari Google :   Jika Anda bisa men-desain, membangun dan memelihara mesin ini, Anda bisa menjadi kaya. Namun tentu saja tidak mudah. Saatnya bicara tentang diri Anda Anda anak muda, tidak kaya, sulit mendapat kerja atau membenci pekerjaan Anda ? Mungkin sedikit sifat “memberontak” ? Perfect, Anda tidak punya kebiasaan buruk dan mungkin akan bekerja sampai kuku Anda patah dan mata Anda jatuh ke meja. Dunia menunggu Anda. Anda orang yang lebih tua, bijaksana, sedikit uang disimpan di rekening bank Anda dengan pekerjaan stabil ? Mungkin sedikit kredit rumah dan anak-anak ? PR Anda menjadi entrepreneur sedikit lebih berat, tetapi tetap bisa dikerjakan. Kualitas terpenting dari entrepreneur yang bagus adalah energi dan determinasi. Hal lainnya adalah menjadi seorang yang persuasif, hal ini bisa dipelajari. Saya mulai sebagai orang super pemalu di usia 21, saya dengan cepat belajar bagaimana menjual karena itu satu-satunya cara supaya saya bisa makan. Cukup kalimat pembukannya, sekarang mari buat Anda lebih kaya dari sebelumnya “The idea” Lupakan hal-hal nonsense yang Anda dengar tentang value dari sebuah ide. Ide itu murah. Ide bisnis itu bernilai lebih kecil daripada sandwich yang sudah dimakan separuh. Setidaknya Anda bisa makan sandwich. Tentu saja Anda butuh ide. Tetapi ketahuilah bahwa perusahaan yang sukses mendapatkan pendanaan bukan hanya dari ide brilian yang liar. Starbucks memulai dengan menjual kopi di Seattle. Facebook membangun MySpace yang lebih baik, Google membangun Yahoo search yang lebih baik. Microsoft meng-copy Apple – sedangkan Apple meng-copy Xerox. Original ideas are overrated Yang tidak overrated adalah timing. Google memilih waktu yang tepat untuk membangun search engine, kalau Anda mau membuatnya sekarang ya good luck deh. Kebanyakan orang takut memulai bisnis ketika ada kompetisi, tetapi kompetisi bisa saja merupakan hal baik. Tempat terbaik membuat restoran baru adalah tepat di sebelah restoran lain yang sudah sukses. Mereka sudah dengan baik hati dan kerja keras membangun audience. Banyak bisnis bagus mendompleng kesuksesan bisnis lainnya, lebih baik memiliki beberapa kompetitor daripada tidak sama sekali, handa hanya perlu menjadi 10% lebih baik. Saya secara personal merekomendasikan menjual sesuatu yang Anda dan teman Anda akan membeli dalam hitungan detik. Anda akan mengerti bidang yang Anda sendiri kuasai, Anda akan mengerti customer Anda, Anda akan sangat passionate terhadap apa yang Anda lakukan. Jika Anda bisa membuat bahwa perusahaan Anda adalah tentang “why” bukan “what” nya, Anda akan menginspirasi diri Anda sendiri dan orang-orang di sekitar Anda. Untuk bisa survive ke langkah berikutnya, Anda membutuhkan butiran-butiran inspirasi. Memulai Memulai perusahaan sedikit banyak mirip dengan membesarkan anak, semua orang mengasumsikan Anda tahu apa yang Anda lakukan, tetapi si bayi dan perusahaan kan terlahir tanpa buku manual instruksi, Anda melaluinya dengan jatuh bangun dan belajar sambil berjalan. Pada awalnya kemungkinan besar Anda akan gagal. Tujuan Anda adalah membangun mesin uang, tapi mungkin Anda tidak memiliki keseluruhan bagian dari yang dibutuhkan. Ide Anda mungkin saja separuh salah, tetapi Anda tidak tahu bagian mana yang salah, hal ini normal sekali.   Bagian besar dari memulai perusahaan adalah meyakinkan orang untuk mempercayai Anda. Ketika Steve Jobs mendirikan Apple, ia tidak punya uang dan tidak punya customer, yang terjadi kemudian ia menjadi seorang entrepreneur hebat. Yang pertama ia lakukan adalah meyakinkan toko komputer lokal untuk meng-order produk Apple yang bahkan belum dibuat, berikutnya dia meyakinkan supplier komponen yang dibutuhkan untuk membuatnya dengan order yang dia dapat untuk meyakinkan supplier bahwa ia bisa membelinya. Lalu Jobs dan tim kecilnya bekerja di garasi untuk membangun komputer pertama, diantarkan ke toko tepat waktu dan membuat profit lumayan. Apple dilahirkan dengan modal minim sekali. Seringkali ketika menjalankan semua ini entrepreneur harus juggling antara membangun the perfect company (idealist) dan membayar tagihan (realist) – ketiadaan ke-duanya bisa-bisa membunuh bisnis Anda. Banyak yang mempercayai bahwa realist / idealist partnerships adalah hal umum dalam bisnis Jangan Scaling dengan cepat Jangan melakukan scaling dengan prematur. Jangan menjadi perusahaan besar terlalu cepat. Jadilah lambat dalam membakar / spending uang . Jangan membuang waktu menulis mission statement dan dokumen-dokumen kebijakan. Kamu masih kecil, jadilah gesit dan selalu dalam sebuah misi. Buat dan juallah barang. Akan ada waktu untuk departemen HR nantinya. Jangan kaget kalau Anda akan mengubah seluruh perusahaan Anda. Sangat langka suatu bisnis bisa survive dari fist contact dengan customer. Harus survive untuk jangka waktu panjang, reinvest pada kesuksesan-kesuksesan kecil Anda dan lipat gandakan. Meng-copy diri Anda Ini adalah langkah yang hampir tidak pernah dipenuhi oleh bisnis kecil. Sampai posisi ini, mesin uang Anda hampir selalu memiliki bagian yang tidak bisa dipisahkan : Anda sebagai founder. Jika Anda memiliki background akuntan, Anda mungkin head akuntan. Jika Anda programmer, Anda mungkin programmer terbaik di situ. Apapun yang Anda lakukan, Anda selalu merasa menjadi bagian essensial dan selalu “overworked” atau bekerja berlebihan. Ini bagian beratnya : Anda harus membuat diri Anda menjadi “tidak berguna” atau redundant dalam tim Anda. Jika Anda tiba-tiba mati besok, bisnis Anda harus tetap berjalan seperti biasa. Alternatifnya, Anda menjadi self-employed dengan asisten. Beberapa bisnis tidak bisa melepaskan jebakan ini, jika Anda copywriter brilian, Anda akan struggle. Karena yang membuat perusahaan ini hebat adalah Anda. Dalam kasus ini, kecuali Anda bisa menanamkan diri Anda di dalam business model, Anda tidak akan berkembang. McDonalds membangun bisnis yang tetap berjalan meskipun mereka membayar gaji minimum. Proses yang mereka jalankan memungkinkan mereka melakukannya : setipa burger efisien dan nyaris tidak ada bedanya. Brand mereka begitu kuat sehingga orang berjejer untuk makan di situ. Bisnis Anda mungkin sangat berbeda dengan McDonalds tetapi sebisa mungkin harus sama kuatnya. Jika Anda bisa mencapai situasi ini, Anda bisa memiliki sesuatu yang self-sustaining. Anda harus bisa menghasilkan pendapatan yang baik meskipun Anda tidak bekerja. Waktu Anda sekarang bebas untuk men-tweak bisnis Anda menjadi sesuatu yang lebih baik. Sekarang yang perlu Anda lakukan untuk bisa menjajah dunia adalah : Scale Langkah terakhir adalah seperti bermain “Who Wants to Be A Millionaire”. Setiap pertanyaan yang Anda jawab benar akan memberikan Anda uang, jika salah, Anda pulang ke rumah. Jangan membuat kesalahan dengan mengasumsikan sebuah perusahaan besar itu seperti perusahaan kecil – hanya saja lebih besar - Sejalan dengan perkembangan perusahaan, culture Anda juga akan berubah. Bahkan Anda bisa membenci perusahaan yang Anda buat sendiri (banyak founders merasakan konflik seperti ini). Anda Ingatlah tidak ada bisnis yang bisa berkembang tanpa batas. Beberapa bisnis lebih efisien dengan size tertentu – mudah untuk menjadi perusahaan perbaikan pipa ledeng dengan hanya 2 orang, tetapi hampir tidak mungkin membangun perusahaan perbaikan pipa dengan 1000 orang. Pahami limit Anda dari awal. Perusahaan software internet adalah perusahaan yang bisa scale dengan baik, karena itu banyak mencetak milioner muda. Akhirnya .. Saat ini tidak sulit memulai sebuah perusahaan. Anda bisa membuat killer product di kamar kos tanpa harus mendaftarkan perusahaan. Ini cukup untuk Facebook. Entrepreneurship adalah bentuk dari “perjudian yang tercerahkan”. Skill dan keuletan adalah faktor penentu yang besar. Sepanjang Anda pantang menyerah apabila terjatuh, dan terus belajar, peluang Anda sukses tetap ada, Anda hanya harus berani melakukannya.

Cara membuat tahu

Saat ini Tahu merupakan makanan yang sudah mendunia akan tetapi tidak semua orang tau cara membuat tahu. Maka dari itu kita akan membahasnya nanti, namun sebelum itu ada baiknya kita mengenal terlebih dahulu asal usul Tahu. Tahu sendiri sudah ada sejak 164 SM di daratan China sekitar 2200 tahun lalu. Menurut Wikipedia penemunya adalah Liu An yang merupakan cucu dari Kaisar Han Gaozu, Liu Bang pendiri dinasti Han. cara membuat tahu Baca Juga: Cara membuat susu kedelai sendiri Ternyata tahu sudah ada sejak beribu-ribu tahun yang lalu. Di Indonesia sendiri Tahu merupakan makan yang sangat digemari dan hampir menjadi bagian berbagai macam kuliner di Indonesia. Rasanya yang nikmat serta kandungan gizinya yang banyak menjadikan makan yang murah ini tidak jurahan kualitas gizinya. Harga tahu sebenarnya tidak terlalu mahal, hanya dengan beberapa ribu rupiah saja kita sudah bisa mendapatkan tahu. Namun pernah tidak terfikir untuk mencoba membuat tahu sendiri di rumah? jika sempat kepikiran mari kita coba beberapa langkah pembuatan tahu di bawah ini: CARA MEMBUAT TAHU Bahan: 1 kg kacang kedelai yang telah direndam semalam 100 ml cuka makan Air Alat: Blender Panci besar Serbet makan/ kain Saringan Cara: Masukan kacang kedelai yang telah direndam semalaman kedalam panci atau baskom untuk di pecah dengan meremas-remasnya. Setelah bersih masukan kedelai kedalam Blander dengan memberi air secukupnya kemudian blender hingga halus dan lembut. Saat selesai maka akan jadi seperti susu kedelai, selanjutnya rebus air kedelai tadi di panci hingga mendidih. Siapkan baskom untuk tempat air dingin. Ketika rebusan air kedelai tadi mulai mendidih akan muncul busa. Maka segera tambahkan air dingin sedikit demi sedikit dan suhu kompor diturunkan. Setiap busa mulai muncul lagi berikan air dingin sedikit demi sedikit. Tetap rebus air kedelai hingga busa habis, setelah itu biarkan rebusan itu di atas kompor dengan api kecil selama 20 menit. Kemudian matikan kompor dan biarkan dingin. Setelah rebusan tadi mulai dingian segera saring menggunakan saringan yang di atasnya di lapisi serbet makan/ kain. Peras ampas rebusan kedelai tadi hingga air perasan keluar semua. Ampas jangan dibuang karena bisa dimanfaatkan untuk perkedel, dan dimasak sesuai selera. Air hasil penyaringan tadi di rebus di atas kompor dengan api sedang namun tidak sampai mendidih. Angkat susu kedelai dari kompor kemudia masukkan 100 ml cuka makan, aduk sebentar. Diamkan susu kedelai selama 30 menit dengan sendirinya susu kedelai akan terpisah menjadi calon tahu dan air. Saring massa tahu dengan serbet makan atau kain bersih tipis hingga air keluar. Susun pada cetakan yang ingin anda gunakan kemudiaian tindih dengan pemberat ssehingga semua air keluar. Biarkan sekitar 15-20 menit. Setelah itu Tahu buatan anda pun jadi dan jiap di potong sesuai ukuran yang anda suka dan siap dimasak.

Cara membuat tempe

Cara Membuat Tempe Tempe dan tahu merupakan makanan tradisional sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia, namun ketahuilah bahwasanya saat ini Tempe telah menyebar keseluruh penjuru dunia. Kaum vegetarian di seluruh dunia banyak yang telah menggunakan tempe sebagai pengganti daging. Akibatnya sekarang tempe diproduksi di banyak tempat di dunia, tidak hanya di Indonesia. Berbagai penelitian di sejumlah negara, seperti Jerman, Jepang, dan Amerika Serikat. Teknik pembuatan tempe ini telah dikerjakan masyarakat Indonesia khususnya bermula dari masyarakat Jawa selama beberapa abad yang lalu dengan prosedur pembuatannya masih sangat sederhana. Berbagai bahan dasar yang dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan tempe, tetapi yang paling populer dan paling banyak dipergunakan adalah tempe berbahan dasar kedelai. Untuk memperoleh tempe yang berkualitas baik, maka kedelai yang digunakan juga harus yang berkualitas baik dan tidak tercampur dengan biji-bijian yang lain, seperti jagung, kacang hijau dan biji-bijian lainnya. Selain itu, prosedur pengolahan harus dilakukan dengan cermat. Proses pembuatan tempe pada dasarnya adalah proses menumbuhkan spora jamur tempe, yaitu Rhizopus sp., pada biji kedelai. Dalam pertumbuhannya, Rhizopus sp. membentuk benang-benang yang disebut sebagai benang hifa. Benang-benang hifa ini mengikatkan biji kedalai yang satu dengan biji kedelai lainnya, sehingga biji-biji kedelai ini membentuk suatu massa yang kompak. Massa kedelai inilah yang selanjutnya disebut sebagai tempe. Selama masa pertumbuhannya, jamur Rhizopus sp. juga menghasilkan enzim yang dapat menguraikan protein yang terdapat dalam biji kedelai, sehingga protein-protein dalam biji kedelai ini mudah dicernakan. Selama masa pertumbuhan jamur Rhizopus sp. Selain Rhizopus, diperkirakan banyak jenis mkiroorganisme lain yang mungkin turut campur, tetapi tidak menunjukkan aktifitas yang nyata. Namun demikian, aktifitas yang nyata dari mikroorganisme yang mungkin turut campur ini akan terlihat setelah aktifitas pertumbuhan Rhizopus sp. melampaui masa optimumnya, yakni setelah terbentuknya spora-spora baru yang berwarna putih-kehitaman. Hal ini dapat diketahui, terutama pada tempe yang dibiarkan atau disimpan dalam suhu kamar, yaitu dengan terciumnya bau amoniak. Adanya bau amoniak pada tempe menunjukkan bahwa tempe tersebut mulai mengalami pembusukan. Bau amoniak ini masih terasa sekalipun tempe telah dimasak, sehingga dapat menurunkan cita rasa konsumen. Oleh karena itu, agar diperoleh tempe yang berkualitas baik dan tahan agak lama, maka selama proses pembuatan tempe perlu diperhatikan mengenai sanitasi dan kemurnian bibit (inokulum) yang akan digunakan. A. ALAT DAN BAHAN B. 1 ALAT 1. Baskom 2. Saringan 3. Dandang 4. Kipas Angin /Kipas 5. Sotel kayu 6. Tampah 7. Kompor 8. Peralatan lain yang diperlukan B. 2 BAHAN 1. Kacang kedelai 2. Ragi tempe (inokulum RAPRIMA) atau biakan murni Rhizopus sp. 3. Kantong plastik, atau daun pisang, atau daun jati. B. CARA KERJA Cucilah tampah, ayakan, kipas dan cukil yang akan digunakan, kemudian dikeringkan. Bersihkan kacang kedelai dari bahan-bahan lain yang tercampur, kemudian cuci hingga bersih. Rendam kacang kedelai yang telah dicuci bersih selama 12-18 jam dengan air dingin biasa (proses hidrasi agar biji kedelai menyerap air sebanyak mungkin ). Lepaskan kulit biji kedelai yang telah lunak, kemudian cuci atau bilas dengan menggunakan air bersih. Kukus / rebus biji kedelai tersebut sampai empuk. Setelah biji kedelai terasa empuk, tuangkan biji-biji tersebut pada tampah yang telah dibersihkan, lalu diangin-angin dengan kipas/ kipas angin sambil diaduk-aduk hingga biji-biji tersebut terasa hangat. Taburkan ragi tempe (RAPRIMA) yang telah disiapkan sedikit demi sedikit sambil diaduk-aduk supaya merata (1,5 gram ragi tempe untuk 2 kg kedelai). 8. Siapkan kantong plastik atau daun pisang, atau daun jati untuk pembungkus. Bila kantong plastik yang digunakan sebagai pembungkus, berilah lubang-lubang kecil pada kantong tersebut dengan menggunakan lidi atau garpu. Masukan kedelai yang telah diberi ragi tempe (RAPRIMA) ke dalam pembungkusnya, atur ketebalannya sesuai dengan selera Proses fermentasi kacang kedelai ini pada suhu kamar selama satu atau dua hari atau hingga seluruh permukaan kacang kedelai tertutupi jamur. Catatan: 1.Perhatikan kebersihan tempat kerja dan kebersihan peralatan kerja akan meningkatkan kualitas tempe yang dihasilkan. 2. Suhu ruang yang lebih hangat mempercepat proses fermentasi jamur pada tempe.

Khasiat Alfatihah

Surah Al-Fatihah (الفاتح , al-Fātihah, “Pembukaan”) adalah surat pertama dalam Kitab Suci Al Qur’an. Surah ini diturunkan di Mekah dan terdiri dari 7 ayat. Al-Fatihah merupakan surah yang pertama-tama diturunkan dengan lengkap diantara surah-surah yang ada. Surah ini disebut Al-Fatihah (Pembukaan), karena dengan surah inilah dibuka dan dimulainya Al-Quran. Dinamakan Ummul Qur’an (induk Al-Quran/أمّ القرءان) atau Ummul Kitab (induk Al-Kitab/أمّ الكتاب) karena dia merupakan induk dari semua isi Al-Quran. Dinamakan pula As Sab’ul matsaany (tujuh yang berulang-ulang/السبع المثاني) karena jumlah ayatnya yang tujuh dan dibaca berulang-ulang dalam sholat. Ada sebuah petunjuk barangsiapa yang membaca Al Fathihah diantara sembahyang sunat subuh dengan Fardhu Subuh sebanyak 41 kali, maka dia akan: · Derajat dan pangkatnya naik. · Tidak akan mengalami kemiskinan. · Allah SWT akan membayar hutangnya · Menyembuhkan segala penyakit. · Dikuatkan kelemahannya oleh Allah. · Usahanya berhasil sampai yang dicita-citakannya terkabul. Ada sebuah riwayat. Suatu ketika murid Syaikh al Tamimi memberi penjelasan: “Suatu hari penyakit telah menyerang negeri Maltan dengan dahsyatnya sehingga banyak terjadi kematian setiap hari. Lalu tuan Syaikh al-Tamimi meminta sahabat dan muridnya membaca Fatihah kepada mereka yang sakit tersebut. “Maka kami pun membaca dan meniupkannya ke atas kepala orang sakit itu, seketika orang sakit itu pun sembuh dang penyakitnya berkurangan.” Begitulah rahasia kehebatan Al Fatihah. Siapa yang membaca 41 kali Fathihah untuk seorang yang sakit, setelah itu dihembuskan kepadanya, Insya Allah dia akan sehat. Ibnu Abas r.a menjelaskan Saidina Hassan bin Ali r.a cucu Rasulullah SAW sakit. Melihat cucunya sakit, Rasulullah mengambil air dan membacakan fatihah dan membacakan 41 kali dalam suatu wadah, kemudain air itu disapukan ke muka, kepala dan dua belah tangan dan kaki serta perut dan anggota tubuh lainnya. Maka, penyakitnya segera sembuh. Maka siapa saja yang mengidap sesuatu penyakit baca Al Fatihah sebanyak 41 setelah tiupkan ke segelas air dan itu baca doa ini: “Ya Allah sembuhkanlah karena Engkau Maha Penyembuh. Ya Allah lindungi karena Engkau Maha Pelindung. Ya Allah pulihkan karena Engkau Maha Pemulih.” Selanjutnya berikan air minum kepada orang yang mengidap penyakit dan sapukan ke mukanya serta ke seluruh tubuhnya, dengan ijin Allah SWT, maka sakitnya akan sembuh. Inilah manfaat lengkap wirid Al Fatihah: PENYEMBUHAN PSIKOLOGIS Membaca al Fathihah sebanyak 100 kali sehari pada tiap-tiap selesai sholat maka dia akan: · Dimudahkan rezkinya · Dimudahkan kesulitannya. · Dibersihkan hatinya. · Diangkat darjatnya. · Dimudahkan pekerjaannya. · Dilepaskan dari dukacita · Dijauhkan dari mudharat. · Diberikan sifat rajin dan semangat. · Tidak mudah kecewa. · Dijauhkan dari syaitan. · Perilakunya cenderung berbuat kebajikan MENGEMBALIKAN PANGKAT DERAJAT JABATAN Saipa yang dipecat dari pekerjaannya atau jatuh pangkat yang disandangnya dan ia berharap mengembalikan pangkatnya yang telah hilang tersebut maka hendaklah ia membaca Fathihah sebanyak 41 kali diantara Sunat Subuh dan Fardhunya selama 40 hari. Jangan kurang dari bilangan ini dan jangan putuskan ayat-ayat yang dibaca. Insayallah pangkatnya semula akan kembali bahkan ia akan menyandang pangkat yang lebih tinggi. OBAT MANDUL Siapa yang mandul dan belum mendapat anak selama menikah hendaklah ia membaca surah Fathihah 41 kali selam 40 hari dengan tidak putus-putus dan tidak kurang bilangannya. Dibaca di antara Sunat Subuh dan Fardhu Subuh. Maka, ia akan sgera mendapatkan anak yang sholeh. MENYEMBUHKAN PENYAKIT KULIT Baca Al Fathihah sebanyak 7 kali, kemudian ludahkan diatas kapas dan tempelkan pada kulit yang luka atau kulit yang berpenyakit maka dengan izin Allah kulitnya sembuh. PEKERJAAN BERES Siapa yang melakukan pekerjaan dan hendak menyelesaikan pekerjaan itu dengan baik, bacalah Fathihah di tengah malam sebanyak 41 kali. Insyaallah dimudahkan pekerjaannya dengan tidak mendapat gangguan dan semuanya beres. PENGHILANG LAPAR DAN DAHAGA Siapa yang kehausan karena berada dalam perjalanan yang jauh misalnya di tengah padang pasir, atau di tengah laut saat berlayar tersesat yang tidak ada sedikitpun air dan ia dahaga atau lapar, hendaklah ia membaca Fathihah sekali diatas tapak tangannya, kemudian ditiupkan diatas tapak tangannya itu dan disapukan ke muka dan perutnya. Insyaallah ia tidak akan merasa lapar atau dahaga pada hari itu. MENGOBATI SAKIT TELINGA Jika mengidap sakit telinga baru atau pun lama, hendaklah dituliskan Fathihah dalam satu kertas kemudian dihapuskan tulisan itu dengan minyak mawar dan titikkan ke dalam telinga, insayaallah telinganya sehat. BELENGGU PUN TERLEPAS Apabila suatu ketika kita mengalami peristiwa kejahatan dan dibelenggu atau dirantai, maka bacakan Al Fathihah 121 kali, kemudian hembuskan ke ikatan atau belenggu tersebut. Insya allah akan terurai ikatan atau belunggu tersebut dengan izin Allah. PAGAR GAIB Petunjuk yang lain, siapa membaca Fathihah sekali saat ia meletakkan kepalanya di bantal saat akan tidur kemudian dilanjutkan dengan membaca: Surah Al-Ikhlas 3 kali, surah al Falaq sekali, surah an Nas sekali maka ia selamat dari segala kejahatan serta menjadi dinding dari kejahatan gaib dari syaitan dan segala makhluk yang akan merasuki tubuhnya pada saat dia tidur. MENYEMBUHKAN SAKIT PELUPA Jika dibacakan Fatihah: · 70 kali sehari · selama 7 hari pada suatu yang wadah yang berisi air kemudian dihembuskan ke dalam air itu dan diberi minum kepada siapa yang kurang cerdas/ bodoh pelupa dan selalu negative thinking maka Insyaallah akan dibukakan pintu hatinya dan diberikan kepadanya kepahaman serta pengetahuan dan penyakit pelupanya segera sembuh. Pikirannya pun menjadi positive thinking HAJAT SUKSES Syaikh Mahayudin bin Arabi berkata: “Barangsiapa yang sedang menyelenggarakan hajat hendaklah ia membaca Al Fathihah sebanyak 41 kali, selepas sholat maghrib, jangan ia bergerak dari tempat duduknya, hingga selesai membaca sebanyak bilangan tersebut. Setelah itu bermohonlah kepada Tuhan hajatnya akan sukses maka dengan ijin Allah SWT, hajatnya alan lancer dan sukses tidak kurang suatu apa. MINYAK FATIHAH Jika di bacakan 70 kali Al Fathihah ke dalam minyak (apa saja jenis minyak) dan disimpan untuk persediaan agar mencegah masuk angin, atau untuk menyegarkan tenaga dan menyembuhkan urat. Juga bagi penyakit punggung dan pinggang. Insyaallah segera sehat apabila di gosokkan. SEBAGAI PENAWAR Jika disengat binatang berbisa seperti lipan, kala jengking atau binatang bersengat hendaklah diambil segelas air dan masukkan sedikit garam (butiran kasar) dalam air itu dan bacakan Al Fatihah sekali. Kemudian minumkan, Insyaallah bisa/racunnya akan hilang. Sumber : KWA

Sam-vs-pvsyst

Making high-quality, high-power solar cells and modules using U.S.-based technology at affordable costs to address the world’s energy needs PV PERFORMANCE AND YIELD COMPARISONS: NREL SAM AND PVSYST JUNE 2012 Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 2 Compare energy yield, performance results, and the reports between two recognized PV simulation tools. How do they compare in the areas of key interest? This short presentation will not compare to actual collected field data from our monitored sites. Nor is this presentation a tutorial on the tools. Focus will be more on the engineering side rather than the financial. NREL’s System Advisor Model (SAM) is a leading application (freely available) that has evolved over many years. Does morethan PV including numerous renewable sources such as solar thermal and geothermal PVSYST is a PV-centric simulation tool developed initially at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. Now a standalone company. Both tools will work for simulating systems anywhere in the world. AGENDA Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 3 Both SAM and PVSYST will report on the most important engineering results: – Energy yield (and the specific production (normalized)) – Performance Ratio – Loss breakdown The level of detail varies with PVSYST focusing more on the engineering aspects of design and deployment; SAM provides good engineering control with a tremendous amount of financial parameter manipulation and reporting (including LCOE analysis) PVSYST focuses on year one with extensive reports and breakdowns; since SAM provides multiyear economic analysis, it takes into account annual degradation Both tools allow extensive loss parameter entry (including custom shading) QUICK OVERVIEW SAM version 2012.5.11 (this is the latest) PVSYST version V5.56 (latest as of April 2012; new minor release V5.57 as of May 2012) Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 4 TOOL VERSIONS Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 5 1 MW Suniva 250W OPTIMUS monocrystalline system 4004 panels with a string size of 14 (286 strings) 1 MW COMMERCIAL MODELING EXAMPLE SAM 2012.5.11 PVSYST 5.56 Climate file Atlanta Hartsfield Airport TMY3 Atlanta Hartsfield Airport TMY3 Tilt 30 degrees 30 degrees Azimuth 180 (due south) 0 (due south) (Northern Hemisphere centric) NOCT 46 C 46 C DC Wire Ohmic loss at STC 1.0% 1.5% AC wire Ohmic loss at STC 0.5% 0.5% Diode and connector loss 0.5% N/A Module efficiency loss/nameplate 0% 0.1% Power loss at MPP/mismatch 2.0% 2.0% Soiling loss annual 2.0% 2.0% Degradation per year 0.5% N/A Availability per year 98% N/A Shading 0% 0% Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 6 Main PV array screen SAM W ALKTHROUGH Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 7 Key points are highlighted with key parameters SAM REPORT – PARAMETER AND RESULTS SUMMARY Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 8 Losses and derate are shown as a function of loss in annual energy SAM REPORT – LOSSES Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 9 Monthly yield is easy to follow SAM REPORT – MONTHLY YIELD Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 10 Main grid-tie systems screen PVSYST WALKTHROUGH Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 11 Main PV array entry screen PVSYST WALKTHROUGH Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 12 All parameters are shown so system simulation can be reproduced by a 3 rd party independently PVSYST REPORT – PARAMETER SUMMARY Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 13 The three main simulation results are clear PVSYST REPORT – RESULTS SUMMARY Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 14 The loss diagram is very clear PVSYST REPORT – LOSSES Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 15 Monthly breakdown of energy yield is presented in numerous formats PVSYST REPORT – MONTHLY YIELD SAM 2012.5.11 PVSYST 5.56 Energy yield 1586.206 MWH/yr 1560 MWH/yr Specific yield 1586 MWH/yr 1558 MWH/yr Performance Ratio (PR) 88% 84.30% Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 16 RESULTS COMPARISON If the derate-loss/parameters are set properly and the weather files are the same (TMY3 in this case) then both PVSYST and SAM give similar results (2% difference in this case). PVSYST is a little more conservative and very closein comparisons with our field data. Key is setting the parameters, accuracy of the panel and inverter models, and the validity of the weather file. Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 17 TOOL COMPARISONS NREL SAM PVSYST Availability Free and accessible to anyone in the world For purchase/license only (30 day free full eval) PV System Types Grid-tie only for residential, commercial, commercial PPA, Utility Power Producer. No off-grid or hybrid. Grid-tie, off-grid, and DC grid. No hybrid grid-tie + standalone. Loss parameters All required parameters are available Extensive Weather file support TMY2, TMY3, EPW Meteonorm, TMY2, TMY3, EPW, PVGIS, WRDC, Retscreen, Helioclim, SolarGIS Default module database CEC and Sandia performance models Photon Component database modification/creation New version allows some flexibility in module creation. Not inverter or anything else. Full flexibility for PV Module, Inverter, Charge Controller, Battery, and Generator Overall ease of use “straightforward” learning curve – data entry is highly graphical “medium” learning curve Customer facing reports Clear and succint Elaborate, professional, customizable Economic/Financial Modeling Very powerful, easy-to-use and easy-tounderstand economic modeling Difficult to understand economic modeling Engineering Flexibility Provides some degree of component modeling but limited thermal modeling Very detailed component modeling with extensive thermal modeling Confidential & Proprietary © Suniva®, Inc. 2012 18 PRESENTER INFO Sol Haroon is the lead systems engineer (EE) at Suniva, Inc. Suniva is a US manufacturer of high efficiency solar cells and PV modules. Sol is responsible for systems modeling, simulation, monitoring, design of PV systems, along with assessing the financial viability of systems entailing balance of system gear such as inverters and racking. Sol is a solar professional, EV enthusiast, and a sustainable habitat systems architect working on net-zero architecture. When not working and designing sustainable solutions, he enjoys volunteering with international humanitarian missions around the globe. He may be reached at sol@suniva.com Making high-quality, high-power solar cells and modules using U.S.-based technology at affordable costs to address the world’s energy needs SOL HAROON SOL@SUNIVA.COM THANK YOU

Ribbon-datasheet

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9odr7HZDSvZWWJWQ2I5b24yQzg/view?usp=sharing

Datasheet

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9odr7HZDSvZWXUzZkRVUDAzemM/view?usp=sharing

Farm Polycy-PV-England

1
Contents
1.0  Appendix L – Policies referred to in the Planning Statement........................................ 3
1.1  East of England Plan 2008 ......................................................................................... 3
1.1.1  Policy SS1: Achieving Sustainable Development............................................... 3
1.1.2  Policy ENV2: Landscape Conservation ............................................................... 4
1.1.3  Policy ENV3: Biodiversity and Earth Heritage....................................................4
1.1.4  Policy ENV4: Agriculture, Land and Soils ........................................................... 5
1.1.5  Policy ENV6: The Historic Environment ............................................................. 5
1.1.6  Policy ENG1: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy Performance ................... 6
1.1.7  Policy ENG2: Renewable Energy Targets ........................................................... 6
1.2  Suffolk Coastal Local Plan .......................................................................................... 7
1.2.1  Policy AP8 - Countryside Protection .................................................................. 7
1.2.2  Policy AP11 - Agricultural Land and Commercial Woodlands ........................... 7
1.2.3  Policy AP13 – Special Landscape Areas ............................................................. 7
1.2.4  Policy AP14 - Wildlife and Habitats ................................................................... 7
1.2.5  Policy AP17 - Trees, Hedgerows and Woodlands  .............................................. 8
1.2.6  Policy AP19 – Design .......................................................................................... 8
1.2.7  Policy AP39 - Residential Amenity ..................................................................... 8
1.2.8  Policy AP70 - Farm Diversification ..................................................................... 8
1.2.9  Policy AP90 - Overhead Power Lines and Electricity Supply Lines .................... 9
1.2.10  Policy AP92 - Areas at Risk from Flooding ......................................................... 9
1.2.11  Policy AP98 - Renewable Energy ....................................................................... 9
1.2.12  Policy AP107 - Footpaths and Bridleways .......................................................10
1.3  Suffolk Coastal Local Development Framework Pre-submission Core Strategy and
Development Management Policies Development Plan Document (December 2011) ..... 11
1.3.1  Strategic Policy SP1 – Sustainable Development ............................................ 11
1.3.2  Strategic Policy SP7 – Economic Development in the Rural Areas .................. 11
1.3.3  Strategic Policy SP12 – Climate Change .......................................................... 12
1.3.4  Strategic Policy SP14 – Biodiversity and Geodiversity .................................... 12
1.3.5  Strategic Policy SP15 – Landscape and Townscape ......................................... 12
1.3.6  Strategic Policy SP29 – The Countryside ......................................................... 13
1.3.7  Development Management Policy DM14 – Farm Diversification ................... 13
1.3.8  Development Management Policy DM21 – Design: Aesthetics ...................... 14
1.3.9  Development Management Policy DM23 – Residential Amenity ................... 15
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1.3.10  Development Management Policy DM27 – Biodiversity and Geodiversity .... 15
1.3.11  Development Management Policy DM28 – Flood Risk ................................... 15
3
1.0  Appendix L – Policies referred to in the Planning Statement
East of England Plan 2008  1.1
1.1.1  Policy SS1: Achieving Sustainable Development
The strategy seeks to bring about sustainable development by applying:
(1) The guiding principles of the UK Sustainable Development Strategy 2005:
•  living within environmental limits;
•  ensuring a strong, healthy and just society;
•  achieving a sustainable economy;
•  promoting good governance; and
•  using sound science responsibly.
(2) The elements contributing to the creation of sustainable communities described in
Sustainable Communities: Homes for All:
•  active, inclusive and safe in terms of community identity and cohesion, social
inclusion and leisure opportunities;
•  well run in terms of effective participation, representation and leadership;
•  environmentally sensitive;
•  well designed and built;
•  well connected in terms of good transport services;
•  thriving in terms of a flourishing and diverse economy;
•  well served in terms of public, private, community and voluntary services; and
•  fair for everyone.
Local Development Documents and other strategies relevant to spatial planning within the
region should:
(a) help meet obligations on carbon emissions; and
(b) adopt a precautionary approach to climate change by avoiding or minimizing potential
contributions to adverse change and incorporating measures which adapt as far as possible
to unavoidable change.
In particular, the spatial strategy seeks to ensurethat development:
•  maximises the potential for people to form more sustainable relationships between
their homes, workplaces, and other concentrations of regularly used services and
facilities, and their means of travel between them;and
•  respects environmental limits by seeking net environmental gains wherever
possible, or at least avoiding harm, or (where harmis justified within an integrated
approach to the guiding principles set out above) minimising, mitigating and/or
compensating for that harm.
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1.1.2  Policy ENV2: Landscape Conservation
In their plans, policies, programmes and proposals planning authorities and other agencies
should, in accordance with statutory requirements, afford the highest level of protection to
the East of England’s nationally designated landscapes (Figure 5) – the Norfolk and Suffolk
Broads, the Chilterns, Norfolk Coast, Dedham Vale, and Suffolk Coast and Heaths Areas of
Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), and the North Norfolk and Suffolk Heritage Coasts.
Within the Broads priority should be given to conserving and enhancing the natural beauty,
wildlife and cultural heritage of the area, promoting public enjoyment and the interests of
navigation. Within the AONBs priority over other considerations should be given to
conserving the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of each area.
Planning authorities and other agencies should recognise and aim to protect and enhance
the diversity and local distinctiveness of the countryside character areas identified on Figure
6 by:
•  developing area-wide strategies, based on landscapecharacter assessments, setting
long-term goals for landscape change, targeting planning and land management
tools and resources to influence that change, and giving priority to those areas
subject to most growth and change;
•  developing criteria-based policies, informed by thearea-wide strategies and
landscape character assessments, to ensure all development respects and enhances
local landscape character; and
•  securing mitigation measures where, in exceptional circumstances, damage to local
landscape character is unavoidable.
1.1.3  Policy ENV3: Biodiversity and Earth Heritage
In their plans, policies, programmes and proposals planning authorities and other agencies
should ensure that internationally and nationally designated sites are given the strongest
level of protection and that development does not have adverse effects on the integrity of
sites of European or international importance for nature conservation. Proper consideration
should be given to the potential effects of development on the conservation of habitats and
species outside designated sites, and on species protected by law.
Planning authorities and other agencies should ensure that the region’s wider biodiversity,
earth heritage and natural resources are protected and enriched through the conservation,
restoration and re-establishment of key resources by:
•  ensuring new development minimises damage to biodiversity and earth heritage
resources by avoiding harm to local wildlife sites and, wherever possible, achieving
net environmental gains in development sites through the retention of existing
assets, enhancement measures, and new habitat creation;
•  promoting the conservation, enhancement, restoration, re-establishment and good
management of habitats and species populations in accordance with East of England
regional biodiversity targets (Appendix B) and the priorities in the East of England
Regional Biodiversity Map (Figure 7);
•  identifying and safeguarding areas for habitat restoration and re-establishment, in
particular large-scale (greater than 200 ha) habitat restoration areas which will
deliver human and wildlife benefit;
5
•  identifying, safeguarding, conserving, and restoring regionally important geological
and/or geomorphological sites and promoting their good management;
•  ensuring the appropriate management and further expansion of wildlife corridors
important for the migration and dispersal of wildlife;
•  having regard to the need for habitats and species to adapt to climate change; and
•  establishing networks of green infrastructure, maximising their biodiversity value, as
provided for under Policy ENV1.
•  The East of England Regional Assembly and its partners should work with authorities
in neighbouring regions on strategic natural resource and biodiversity issues in areas
such as the Chilterns, the Wash and Thames Estuary.
1.1.4  Policy ENV4: Agriculture, Land and Soils
In their plans, policies, programmes and proposals planning authorities and other agencies
should:
•  promote and encourage the expansion of agri-environment schemes to:
–  increase the landscape, historic and wildlife value of farmland in accordance
with regional priorities set out in other policies of this RSS;
–  maintain and enhance the resilience and quality of soils;
–  increase public access;
–  reduce diffuse pollution;
•  include policies that respond to the changes takingplace in agriculture to address
issues such as climate change and consumer demands for higher standards of animal
welfare and food safety and the implications of resultant development in the
countryside;
•  encourage the sustainable use of soil resources and, where soil and land have been
degraded, maximise opportunities for restoration tobeneficial after-uses including
agriculture, woodland, amenity and habitat creationschemes in accordance with
regional priorities set out in other policies of this RSS;
•  encourage more sustainable use of water resources through winter storage schemes
and new wetland creation.
1.1.5  Policy ENV6: The Historic Environment
In their plans, policies, programmes and proposals local planning authorities and other
agencies should identify, protect, conserve and, where appropriate, enhance the historic
environment of the region, its archaeology, historic buildings, places and landscapes,
including historic parks and gardens and those features and sites (and their settings)
especially significant in the East of England:
•  the historic cities of Cambridge and Norwich;
•  an exceptional network of historic market towns;
•  a cohesive hierarchy of smaller settlements rangingfrom nucleated villages, often
marked by architecturally significant medieval parish churches, through to a pattern
of dispersed hamlets and isolated farms;
•  the highly distinctive historic environment of the coastal zone including extensive
submerged prehistoric landscapes, ancient salt manufacturing and fishing facilities,
6
relict sea walls, grazing marshes, coastal fortifications, ancient ports and traditional
seaside resorts;
•  formal planned settlements of the early twentieth century, including the early
garden cities, and factory villages;
•  conservation areas and listed buildings, including domestic, industrial and religious
buildings, and their settings, and significant designed landscapes;
•  the rural landscapes of the region, which are highly distinctive and of ancient origin;
and
•  the wide variety of archaeological monuments, sitesand buried deposits which
include many scheduled ancient monuments and other nationally important
archaeological assets.
1.1.6  Policy ENG1: Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy Performance
Working with regional partners, EERA should consider the performance of the spatial
strategy on mitigating and adapting to climate change through its monitoring framework
and develop clear yardsticks against which future trends can be measured, which should
inform the review of the RSS and the preparation ofLocal Development Documents.
To meet regional and national targets for reducing climate change emissions, new
development should be located and designed to optimise its carbon performance. Local
authorities should:
•  encourage the supply of energy from decentralised, renewable and low carbon
energy sources and through Development Plan Documents set ambitious but viable
proportions of the energy supply of new developmentto be secured from such
sources and the development thresholds to which such targets would apply. In the
interim, before targets are set in Development PlanDocuments, new development
of more than 10 dwellings or 1000m2 of non-residential floorspace should secure at
least 10% of their energy from decentralised and renewable or low-carbon sources,
unless this is not feasible or viable; and
•  promote innovation through incentivisation, master planning and development
briefs which, particularly in key centres for development and change, seek to
maximise opportunities for developments to achieve,and where possible exceed
national targets for the consumption of energy. To help realise higher levels of
ambition local authorities should encourage energy service companies (ESCOs) and
similar energy saving initiatives.
1.1.7  Policy ENG2: Renewable Energy Targets
The development of new facilities for renewable power generation should be supported,
with the aim that by 2010 10% of the region’s energy and by 2020 17% of the region’s
energy should to come from renewable sources. Thesetargets exclude energy from offshore
wind, and are subject to meeting European and international obligations to protect wildlife,
including migratory birds, and to revision and development through the review of this RSS.
7
Suffolk Coastal Local Plan  1.2
1.2.1  Policy AP8 - Countryside Protection
The landscape quality and character of the Countryside will be protected for its own sake by
generally restricting development to that which is essential for the efficient operation of
agriculture, forestry and horticulture or is otherwise permitted by other policies in the Local
Plan
1.2.2  Policy AP11 - Agricultural Land and Commercial Woodlands
When considering proposals for development, the District Council will pay particular regard
to the need to minimise the irreversible loss of commercial woodlands and the best and
most versatile agricultural land, and the need to minimise the severance and disruption of
viable farms and commercial woodland. Best and mostversatile land includes that in the
Ministry of Agriculture Grades, 1, 2 and 3a.
Development of such land will only be allowed, exceptionally, if there is an overriding need
for the development and sufficient land of a lower grade is unavailable. If land in Grades 1, 2
and 3a does need to be developed, and there is a choice between sites of a different grade,
development should be directed towards land of the lowest grade.
1.2.3  Policy AP13 – Special Landscape Areas
The valleys and tributaries of the Rivers Alde, Blyth, Deben, Fynn, Hundred, Mill, Minsmere,
Ore and Yox, and the Parks and Gardens of Historic or Landscape Interest are designated as
Special Landscape Areas and shown on the Proposals Map. The District Council will ensure
that no development will take place which would be to the material detriment of, or
materially detract from, the special landscape quality.
1.2.4  Policy AP14 - Wildlife and Habitats
Development will not be permitted if it could result in:
(i)  the loss, or significant alteration of important habitats, including heathland,
woodland, dunes, water meadows, other permanent pasture, parkland, marshes,
saltmarshes, vegetated shingle, mudflats, streams, ponds, reedbeds, green lanes,
trees and hedges;
(ii)  the threat to rare or vulnerable species, especially those protected by law
(iii)  the threat to species or habitats identified in National or Local Biodiversity Action
Plans.
Where develop-ment is permitted, the replacement orretention of important wildlife
habitats will be sought through conditions or legalagreement.
8
1.2.5  Policy AP17 - Trees, Hedgerows and Woodlands
The retention, improvement and management of existing trees, hedgerows and woodlands
will be encouraged for their economic, landscape and ecological value, and historic or
conservation interest. Any notification of intention to remove farmland hedgerows will be
considered against relevant criteria set out in theappropriate Hedgerow Regulations. Where
serious harm to the landscape or wildlife would result from felling, the District Council will,
where necessary, impose Tree Preservation Orders. Conditions will be imposed upon
planning permissions in appropriate cases, requiring the retention and/or planting of trees
and the maintenance of other landscape features. The District Council will carry out planting
itself, will support planting by others in conjunction with the Countryside Commission and
Forestry Authority, and provide advice on the conservation of the landscape, as resources
permit.
1.2.6  Policy AP19 – Design
Proposals which comprise poor design and layout or otherwise seriously detract from the
character of their surroundings will not be permitted. In considering the design aspects of
planning applications the District Council will have regard to Supplementary Planning
Guidance which has been prepared and adopted and will generally resist proposals which do
not conform to that Guidance.
1.2.7  Policy AP39 - Residential Amenity
Subject to compatibility with other policies of theLocal Plan, in order to protect the amenity
and character of primarily residential areas, the District Council will strongly resist:
(i)  changes from residential to non-residential use, where such a change would be to
the serious detriment of residential amenity, or causes a significant untoward
change in the character of the area;
(ii)  the loss of open spaces which contribute to the character of an area or are valuable
for recreation or amenity purposes;
(iii)  redevelopment proposals which are significantly detrimental to the character or
appearance of an area, or seriously impair residential amenity. The cumulative
effect of a series of proposals will be taken into account;
(iv)  ‘tandem' and similar unsatisfactory types of backland development which would
significantly reduce residential amenity, mainly asa result of increased noise and
loss of privacy, and/or would result in the erosionof the particular character of the
surroundings.
1.2.8  Policy AP70 - Farm Diversification
The District Council will support the diversification of farm enterprises, subject to the
following criteria:
(i)  where relevant, the proposal retains existing, or provides additional or alternative
employment;
(ii)  the proposal has no materially detrimental effect on landscape, wildlife, residential
amenity or archaeological sites;
9
(iii)  the proposal should not lead to traffic movements that would prejudice highway
safety, or the free flow of traffic, or materially harm the living conditions of local
residents;
(iv)  the proposal does not involve the permanent loss ofagricultural land of grades 1, 2
or 3a, unless it can be demonstrated that there is no other site suitable and clearly
available for the particular purpose, and the advantages of the proposed facility
outweigh all other material considerations.
1.2.9  Policy AP90 - Overhead Power Lines and Electricity Supply Lines
Major overhead transmission lines (275 kv or over) and substations must avoid the Area of
Outstanding Natural Beauty, unless no alternative solution is possible and the line is
required in the national interest. They should, wherever practicable, avoid other sensitive
areas, such as Special Landscape Areas, wetlands supporting high concentrations of water
birds and Conservation Areas, but where they are solocated they must respect satisfactorily
the form and character of the area.
Where other lower voltage transmission lines must cross sensitive areas, they will be
expected to be placed underground or, if that is not possible or would not significantly
reduce their visual impact, they should be carefully sited, so as to avoid undue damage to
the local environment.
In respect of electricity supply lines to individual properties, the District Council will
co-operate with electricity supply companies to ensure that, by careful siting and design,
there will be minimal intrusion into the townscape or landscape. In every instance, the
feasibility of burying lines will be considered.
1.2.10  Policy AP92 - Areas at Risk from Flooding
New development, or the intensification of existingdevelopment, will not be permitted in
areas at risk from flooding. In addition, development (including the raising of land) will not
be permitted where it is likely to impede materially the flow or storage of flood water or
increase the risk of flooding elsewhere (for example, due to additional surface water
run-off), or increase the number of people or properties at risk of flooding, unless the
development includes appropriate measures to prevent these occurring
1.2.11  Policy AP98 - Renewable Energy
In view of the environmental benefits associated with harnessing renewable energy sources,
the District Council will support the development of renewable energy schemes provided
that it can be shown that such development would not cause significant harm to interests of
acknowledged importance in the local environment.
In assessing proposals for renewable energy schemes, in addition to the local and wider
benefits which the proposal may bring, the DistrictCouncil will have particular regard to the
following issues:
(i)  the immediate and wider impact of the proposed development on the natural
beauty of the landscape. Particular care will be taken in assessing proposals for
developing renewable energy projects in the areas with special designations, where
10
stricter planning controls are applied. In the Areaof Outstanding Natural Beauty, the
siting of major developments will be permitted onlyif justified by a proven national
interest and a lack of alternative sites. In Special Landscape Areas [SLAs], the District
Council will require evidence of a lack of alternative sites outside the SLA before
such proposals will be permitted;
(ii)  the impact of the proposed development on ecologically important areas;
(iii)  other impacts, such as noise, vibration and safety;
(iv)  the need to protect features and areas of natural, cultural, historical and
archaeological interest;
(v)  the measures that would be taken, both during and after construction, to minimise
the impact of the development on local land use andresidential amenity.
(vi)  Where permitted, a high standard of design, materials and landscaping to reflect the
setting will be expected. Supply and power lines will be judged against Policy AP90.
1.2.12  Policy AP107 - Footpaths and Bridleways
The District Council will endeavour to safeguard the existing public footpath and bridleway
network and encourage its maintenance. It will alsosupport the provision, in appropriate
locations, of the creation of additional public, orpermissive, rights of way, particularly if
such provision is compatible with the objectives for recreation within the Area of
Outstanding Natural Beauty.
11
Suffolk Coastal Local Development Framework Pre-submission Core Strategy  1.3
and Development Management Policies Development Plan Document
(December 2011)
1.3.1  Strategic Policy SP1 – Sustainable Development
Central to the Core Strategy for the future of the Suffolk Coastal district is the achievement
of sustainable development. The Strategy in this respect will be to:
(a)  mitigate against and adapt to the effects of climate change;
(b)  relate new housing development to employment services, transport and
infrastructure. To achieve this a defined Settlement Hierarchy, itself based on
(c)  sustainability principles, has been created and applied;
(d)  achieve a local balance between; employment opportunities; housing growth and
environmental capacity;
(e)  ensure the provision of the appropriate infrastructure in order to support existing
and proposed communities
(f)  give priority to re-using previously developed landand buildings; including where
appropriate former agricultural complexes, where possible ahead of greenfield sites;
(g)  promote the use of sustainable methods of construction, including materials, energy
efficiency, water recycling, aspect etc;
(h)  reduce the overall need to travel but where travel is necessary to better manage the
transport network to enable it to function efficiently;
(i)  enable a healthy economy, notably in the town centres and rural areas, taking
advantage of regeneration opportunities where appropriate;
(j)  enhance accessibility to services;
(k)  conserve and enhance the areas natural, historic and built environment;
(l)  maintain and enhance a sense of place; and
(m)  create and promote inclusive and sustainable communities in both urban and rural
locations.
1.3.2  Strategic Policy SP7 – Economic Development in the Rural Areas
Opportunities to maximise the economic potential ofthe rural areas, particularly where this
will secure employment locally, will be generally supported.
The Council’s Strategy will involve:
•  Fostering the maintenance and expansion of existingemployment and creation of
new employment in the market towns of the district and at other settlements in
•  accordance with the Settlement Hierarchy;
•  Encouraging small-scale farm and rural diversification enterprises that are
compatible with objectives in respect of the environment and sustainability and that
•  accord with the Settlement Hierarchy;
•  Supporting agriculture; and
•  Expanding the tourism offer where it is compatible with the objectives in respect of
the environment and SP8.
12
1.3.3  Strategic Policy SP12 – Climate Change
The District Council will contribute towards the mitigation of the effects of new
development on climate change by:
•  Ensuring development minimises the use of natural resources by utilising recycled
materials where appropriate, minimises greenhouse gas emissions, incorporates
energy efficiency, encourages the use of public transport, helps to reduce waste and
minimises the risk of pollution;
•  Encouraging and promoting schemes which create renewable energy where
consistent with the need to safeguard residential amenity, the environment and the
landscape;
•  Minimising the risk of flooding and ensuring appropriate management of land within
flood plains; and
•  Improving the process of estuary and coastal management, incorporating and
integrating social, recreational, economic, physical and environmental issues and
actions
The approach towards sustainable means of construction is addressed in the Design section
(chapter 5) of this Core Strategy
1.3.4  Strategic Policy SP14 – Biodiversity and Geodiversity
Biodiversity and geodiversity will be protected andenhanced using a framework based on a
network of:
•  Designated sites
•  Wildlife corridors and links
•  The rivers, estuaries and coast
•  Identified habitats and geodiversity features
•  Landscape character areas, and;
•  Protected species
Sites and species of national and international importance are identified elsewhere and
these will be complemented by the designation of those of local importance.
The Suffolk Biodiversity Action Plan and Suffolk Local Geodiversity Action Plan will be
implemented. The Strategy will also be to contribute to county targets through the
restoration, creation and on-going management of new priority habitats as identified in
those documents.
1.3.5  Strategic Policy SP15 – Landscape and Townscape
The policy of the Council will be to protect and enhance the various landscape character
areas within the district either through opportunities linked to development or through
other strategies.
13
In addition to the protected landscape of the AONB,the valleys and tributaries of the Rivers
Alde, Blyth, Deben, Fynn, Hundred, Mill, Minsmere, Ore, Orwell and Yox, and the designated
Parks and Gardens of Historic or Landscape Interestare considered to be particularly
significant.
Many of the towns and villages in the district are of distinctive historical and architectural
value, as well as landscape value and character, and the Council will seek to enhance and
preserve these attributes and the quality of life in the generality of urban areas.
This strategy will extend to towns and villages where sites, gaps, gardens and spaces that
make an important contribution to a particular location in their undeveloped form will be
identified and protected where known; or more generally avoided where development in
these locations would lead to coalescence. The location of such sites will be designated
through the Site Allocations and Area Specific Policies, Area Action Plan or Neighbourhood
Development Plan Document. Until then those sites currently allocated under “saved” Policy
AP28 in the Suffolk Coastal Local Plan (incorporating 1st and 2nd Alterations) will continue
to be protected.
1.3.6  Strategic Policy SP29 – The Countryside
The Countryside will be protected for its own sake.
The Strategy in respect of new development outside the physical limits of those settlements
defined as Major Centres, Towns, Key Service Centres, Local Service Centres or in
accordance with SP28, is that it will only be permitted in exceptional circumstances. Such
circumstances are identified in specific Strategic Policies and Development Management
Policies.
1.3.7  Development Management Policy DM14 – Farm Diversification
Proposals for the diversification of farm enterprises will be granted planning permission if
the following criteria are satisfied:
(a)  the proposal should be of a use and of a scale that relates well to its setting. the
use proposed should have regard to the immediate road network and accessibility
to the primary road network, and should not lead totraffic movements that would
prejudice highway safety, the free flow of traffic,or materially harm the living
conditions of local residents;
(b)  the application is supported by information that demonstrates that the
diversification scheme contributes to the viabilityof the farm as a whole and its
continued operation, or to the sustainability of the local community;
(c)  the proposal either retains existing, provides additional or creates alternative
employment, or is for community purposes; and
(d)  the proposal does not involve a residential use except where consistent with other
strategic or Development management policies.
In respect of (b), the District Council will have regard to the nature of the use and the need
for a rural location.
14
1.3.8  Development Management Policy DM21 – Design: Aesthetics
Proposals that comprise poor visual design and layout, or otherwise seriously detract from
the character of their surroundings will not be permitted. Development will only be
permitted where the following criteria are met:
(a)  proposals should relate well to the scale and character of their surroundings
particularly in terms of their siting, height, massing and form;
(b)  in areas of little or no varied townscape quality,the form, density and design of
proposals should create a new composition and pointof interest, which will provide
a positive improvement in the standard of the builtenvironment of the area
generally;
(c)  alterations and extensions to existing buildings should normally respect the plan
form, period, style, architectural characteristics and, where appropriate, the type
and standard of detailing and finishes of the original building;
(d)  in order for extensions to existing buildings to be acceptable, particularly on those
that are considered to be architecturally and historically important (including
vernacular architecture) and those located in sensitive locations, the extension shall
be visually ‘recessive’ and its size and design shall be such that the original building
will remain the more dominant feature on the site;
(e)  layouts should incorporate and protect existing site features of landscape,
ecological, heritage or amenity value as well as enhance such features e.g. habitat
creation; and
(f)  attention must be given to the form, scale, use, and landscape of the spaces
between buildings and the boundary treatment of individual sites, particularly on
the edge of settlements. The District Council will support and strongly encourage the
conservation of energy and the use of alternative and renewable sources of energy
in the design and layout of proposals for new buildings and conversion of existing
buildings, provided it would not seriously detract from the character of the area.
15
1.3.9  Development Management Policy DM23 – Residential Amenity
When considering the impact of new development on residential amenity, the Council will
have regard to the following:
(a)  privacy/overlooking;
(b)  outlook;
(c)  access to daylight and sunlight;
(d)  noise and disturbance;
(e)  the resulting physical relationship with other properties;
(f)  light spillage, air quality and other forms of pollution; and
(g)  safety and security
Development will only be acceptable where it would not cause an unacceptable loss of
amenity to adjoining or future occupiers of the development.
1.3.10  Development Management Policy DM27 – Biodiversity and Geodiversity
Development will not be permitted where there is anunacceptable impact on biodiversity
and geodiversity having regard to the following;
(a)  the status and designation of sites, habitats and species;
(b)  the need to avoid the loss and fragmentation of important sites and habitats; and
(c)  the impact and effectiveness of any mitigation measures proposed to minimize
and/or protect sites, habitats and species. mitigation measures that encourage
biodiversity will be looked upon favourably.
Where development is permitted, the retention or replacement of important sites and
habitats will be sought through conditions or legalagreement. Opportunities will also be
taken to create and enhance wildlife corridors and networks.
Improved site management and increased public access to sites will be encouraged where
appropriate.
1.3.11  Development Management Policy DM28 – Flood Risk
Proposals for new development, or the intensification of existing development, will not be
permitted in areas at high risk from flooding, i.e.Flood Zones 2 and 3, unless the applicant
has satisfied the safety requirements in PPs25 (andany successor). these include the
‘sequential test’; where needed the ‘exception test’ and also a flood risk assessment that
addresses the characteristics of flooding and has tested an appropriate range of flood event
scenarios. Where the proposal is one for housing, the geographical area of search for
alternative sites will be determined by the following principles:
(a)  Affordable Housing:
Where a site is within the physical limits boundaryof a major Centre, town, Key or Local
service Centre and there is an identified need for the affordable housing, the geographical
area of search for a sequentially preferable site is the physical limits boundary. If there are
no sequentially preferable sites capable of accommodating the development, then the
16
proposal will be supported in principle subject to passing the ‘exception test’ set out in
appendix D of PPs25. Where the scheme is to be approved, it will be subject to a s106
agreement which ensures that the affordable housingis retained as such in perpetuity.
Where a site is outside the physical limits boundary of a town or Key service Centre and is
being promoted as an “exception site” the same principles will apply. However, the
applicant will need to demonstrate that all other potential “exception sites” have been
examined and there are no sequentially preferable sites available in locations abutting or
well-related to the particular settlement boundary.
Affordable housing will not be permitted in areas of high risk of flooding within or outside
other settlement categories.
(b)  Open market housing:
Where a site is within the physical limits boundaryof a major Centre, town, Key or Local
service Centre and there is an identified need for the housing in order to meet the
requirements as set out elsewhere in this Core strategy or to maintain a 5 year supply of
housing land, the geographical area of search for asequentially preferable site is the housing
market area. If there are no sequentially preferable sites capable of accommodating the
development, then the proposal will be supported inprinciple subject to passing the
‘exception test’ set out in appendix D of PPs25.
In the case of both affordable and open market housing, of particular relevance when
applying the ‘exception test’ will be where significant redevelopment, or regeneration is
required in order to achieve the objectives or implement the strategy for a particular
settlement or settlement type.
In all other areas new housing should not be permitted within Flood Zones 2 or 3.
Within all areas at high risk from flooding the proposal must be accompanied by a flood risk
assessment which shows that the proposal:
(a)  Is unlikely to impede materially the flow or storage of flood water or increase the risk
of flooding elsewhere (for example, due to additional water run-off); and
(b)  Would not increase the number of people or properties at risk from flooding, by
including appropriate mitigation measures to prevent this occurring.

Job Desk Design Engineer

Keterangan : Teknik Mekanik

Teknik Mekanik Job Tujuan : Desain produk dan sistem mekanik dan elektromekanis dengan mengembangkan dan menguji spesifikasi dan metode .

Teknik Mekanik Job Tugas :

Mengevaluasi sistem mekanik dan elektromekanis dan produk dengan merancang dan melaksanakan program-program penelitian , menerapkan prinsip-prinsip mekanika , termodinamika , hidrolika , perpindahan panas , dan bahan .

Menegaskan sistem dan produk kemampuan dengan merancang metode kelayakan dan pengujian , sifat pengujian .

Mengembangkan produk mekanik dan elektromekanis dengan mempelajari kebutuhan pelanggan; meneliti dan menguji manufaktur dan perakitan metode dan bahan; meminta pengamatan dari operator .

Mengembangkan proses manufaktur dengan merancang dan memodifikasi peralatan untuk fabrikasi , membangun , perakitan , dan menginstal komponen .

Menjamin sistem dan kualitas produk dengan merancang metode pengujian , pengujian selesai - produk dan kemampuan sistem , mengkonfirmasikan fabrikasi , perakitan , dan proses instalasi.

Siapkan laporan produk dengan mengumpulkan , menganalisis, dan meringkas informasi dan tren .

Menyediakan informasi teknik dengan menjawab pertanyaan dan permintaan .

Menjaga produk dan reputasi perusahaan dengan mematuhi peraturan pemerintah .

Menjaga peralatan operasional dengan mengkoordinasikan layanan perawatan dan perbaikan , instruksi berikut pabrik dan prosedur yang ditetapkan , meminta layanan khusus .

Mempertahankan sistem dan produk data base dengan menulis program komputer dan memasukkan data .

Selesaikan proyek dengan melatih dan membimbing teknisi .

Menjaga pengetahuan profesional dan teknis dengan menghadiri lokakarya pendidikan ; meninjau publikasi profesional, membangun jaringan pribadi, berpartisipasi dalam masyarakat profesional .

Memberikan kontribusi terhadap upaya tim dengan melakukan hasil yang terkait sesuai kebutuhan .

Job Desk Drafter :

Job Desk Drafter :

Mengembangkan desain rinci untuk peralatan mekanik dan kontrol.

Memberikan rincian tentang deskripsi komponen.

Mengatasi masalah desain.

Meninjau dan menganalisa spesifikasi.

Hitunglah rumus matematika untuk mengembangkan dan merancang spesifikasi rinci untuk komponen atau mesin.

Hitunglah dimensi bahan dan membeli sesuai.

Memperbaiki kekurangan operasi.

Draft rincian teknis.

Tentukan dimensi, bahan, dan prosedur.

Menggambar di menit rincian struktur.

Desain bagian mesin.

Konsultasikan buku pegangan teknis dan tabel sementara dalam menyusun fase.

Gunakan Computer Aided Design (CAD) dan sistem Drafting untuk menyiapkan gambar.

Membuat dan menyimpan gambar scara elektronik.

Program gambar ke dalam sistem manufaktur otomatis.

Siapkan variasi desain.

Jelaskan konsep untuk produsen.

Siapkan gambar teknik bahwa rencana detail dan spesifikasi.

Photovoltaics and the RoHS

Photovoltaics and the RoHS
Directive
Mathieu Saurat
Michael Ritthoff
Wuppertal, May2010
Position Paper
Wuppertal Institute 2010       2
Photovoltaics and the RoHS directive
Mathieu Saurat, Michael Ritthoff; Wuppertal Institute, May 2010
Over the last years, different photovoltaic (PV) technologies became commercially available,
while  several  others  are  under  development.  PV  technologies  require  diverse  materials  to
generate  electricity  from  sun  light,  including  in  some  cases  toxic  materials.  To  date,
photovoltaics  are  not  covered  by  the European  Directive  on  the  restriction  of  the  use  of
certain  hazardous  substances  in  electrical  and electronic  equipment (RoHS  directive),  but
there is an ongoing discussion about whether or not the RoHS directive should be extended to
cover photovoltaics.
Against this background, the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy has
conductedan independent,scientificand open-ended as regards its outcomeposition paper on
the issue of a possible extension of the RoHS directive to photovoltaics.
*
1. Renewable energies and photovoltaics
The European Council endorsed at its Meeting in Brussels on8/9 March 2007 a binding target
of a 20% share of renewable energies in the overall EU energy consumption by 2020. Out of
the  24  GW  of  new  power  capacity  constructed  in  the  EU  in  2008,  19%  (4,700  MW)  were
photovoltaics  (PV)  (Kautto  and  Jäger-Waldau  2009). This  is  more  than  the  target  of
cumulative installed PV system capacities that the European Union had set for itself to reach
in 2006 (3,000 GW). In 2008 the overall installed capacity of solar photovoltaic electricity
was estimated at 9,100 MW.
A varietyof technologies fall under the broadly used term “photovoltaics”. From a material
use  perspective,  two  large  groups  of  such  technologies  can  be  discerned:  silicon-based  and
non-silicon based PV. The former group comprises both crystalline and amorphous (thin film)
PV systems. The latter group is mainly composed of cadmium-telluride (CdTe) and copperindium-(gallium)-selenium  (CI(G)S)  cells,  both  thin  film  technologies.  Since  2006  the
production of thin film PV systems hasexperienced a growth rate higherthan that of the PV
sector as a whole (Jäger-Waldau 2009).
In particular, manufacturers of CdTe PV have rapidly scaled up their production capacities.
The comparatively low costs of thin film PV systems –especially CdTe PV systems–are often
mentioned as a reason for the rapid growth of PV. However, the relatively low price of CdTe
modules  is  partly  compensated  by  higher  installation  costs  because  of  lower  efficiency  of
these thin modules compared to traditional Si-PV.
The  criticality  of  certain  materials used  in  these  technologies  can  be  assessed  considering
their scarcity and toxicity (for humans as well as for the environment). In that respect indium,
gallium and  cadmium  as  “rare  metals”,  and  selenium  and  tellurium  as  “rare  earths”,  are
*
Support by the Non-Toxic Solar Alliance is appreciated.
Wuppertal Institute 2010       3
considered scarce resources. Reserves are limited (e.g. reserves of tellurium reach a mere 22
000 t, USGS 2009) and production capacities are constrained because all these elements are
primarily  mined  as  by-products  of  other  basic  metals  (copper,  zinc,  tin).  Corresponding
production capacities present therefore a very low elasticity and shortages can occur in case of
rising  demand  exceeding  the  production  volume  allowed  by  the  production  of  the  basic
metals, which is mainly determined by non-energy markets.
PV systems can also contain lead used in solders. Cadmium (in CdTe
†
PV) and lead are two
toxic to highly toxic substances whose usage is severely restricted, especially in electrical and
electronic equipment. Photovoltaics, however, have escaped regulation thus far.
2. Photovoltaics and the RoHS directive
The European Directive –referred to as the RoHS directive in the following–on the restriction
of  the  use  of  certain  hazardous  substances  in  electrical  and  electronic  equipment
‡
 (EEE)
forbids  that,  from  1  July  2006,  new electrical  and  electronic  equipment  put  on  the  market
contains  cadmium  and  lead –inter  alia.  However,  a  restricted  number  of  EEE  types  benefit
from exemptions. PV technologies, in particular, are so far excluded from the scope of the
RoHS directive. If it were to change, the immediate consequences would be that PV systems
containing cadmium (CdTe) and lead solders could no longer be imported or manufactured in
the European Union.
There are three possible options concerning the future treatment of PV technology under the
RoHS directive: i) after a clearly defined phase-out period, the same restriction on the use of
hazardous  substances  applies  to  PV  technology  as  to  other  EEE;  ii)  PV  technology  is
permanently excluded from the scope of the RoHS; iii) PV producers are allowed to benefit
from  “grace  periods”  that  are  periodically  (e.g.  every  four  years)  examined  and  possibly
renewed. Of these options, only the first two should be seriously considered. The third option
would  only  perpetuate  the  uncertainty  that  prevails  today  about  the  future  of  specific  PV
technologies  (CdTe  PV)  and  the  use  of  lead  in  solders.  In  a  sector  that  requires  long  term
commitments  both  on  the  production  and  consumption  sides,  this  would  send  the  wrong
signal to investors.
When considering the actual terms of the RoHS directive, and of the underlying precautionary
principle, the regulation of all PV technologies is the only option of the remaining two that
actually  makes  sense.  Strong  principles  command  the  RoHS  directive,  as  well  as  all EU
†
CdTe itself is not as hazardous as cadmium, but as a cadmium compound it is still
considered a hazardous substance.
‡
DIRECTIVE 2002/95/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical
and electronic equipment.
Wuppertal Institute 2010       4
directives
§
.  They  prescribe  the  following  order  of  priority  in  occupational  health  and
environmental protection issues: (a) the substitution of hazardous material should be the top
priority;  (b)  if  substitution  is  not  possible,  collective  protection  measures  should  be  put  in
place (e.g. operating below atmospheric pressure in production); (c) ultimately, measures of
individual protection apply(e.g. use of personal protection equipment).
The  arguments  of  the  proponents  of  the  CdTe  PV  systems  who,  of  course,  advocate  a
permanent exclusion of this technology from the RoHS directive may well be valid but they
disregard  the  raison  d’être  of  the  RoHS  directive.  Before  going  into  details,  it  is  worth
reminding these arguments here (Jäger-Waldau, 2009).
(1) First, proponents of the CdTe PV systems cite studies that have found that CdTe used in
PV  is  in  an  environmental  stable  form  that,  under  normal  use  conditions  and  in  case  of
foreseeable  accidents,  does  not leak  into  the  environment.  (2)  Second,  they  note  that LCA
studies have concluded that air emissions of cadmium from the whole life-cycle of CdTe PV
(including mining, smelting and purification) and the potential accidental emissions occurring
during  residential  fires  are  both  orders  of  magnitude  lower  than  cadmium  emitted  into  air
routinely from coal and oil power plants that PV displaces. (3) Third, they use the argument
that every PV technology has some environmental, health, and safety (EHS) issues, but that
the  commercial  viability  of  any  of  the  current  PV  technologies  should  not  be  restricted
because  of  these  issues.  (4)  Fourth,  proponents  of  CdTe  technology rely  on  studies  that
showed that current production of CdTe PV modules have shorter energy pay back times and
lower life cycle CO2emissions than other PV systems, e.g. crystalline silicon (c-Si) or CIGS.
They argue that a low production cost technology like CdTe PV could accelerate PV inroads
in the energy market and that a significant market penetration of any technology would help
the  whole  PV  industry  by  improving  the  installation  infrastructure  and  reducing  the
installation  cost  of  solar  electricity.  (5)  Fifth  and  finally,  CdTe  advocates  echo  the
announcement made by leading CdTe PV producers that they offer to take back end-of-life
modules and recycle them.
Even though the arguments in favour of CdTe PV reminded in the previous section are by and
large  correct,  they  cannot  invalidate  the  proposal  that  all  PV  technologies  ought  to  be
regulated under the RoHS directive, neither can these arguments prove that CdTe PV systems
need to be excluded from the RoHS directive. The directive saw the day in order to enable
reducing the content of hazardous substances (incl. cadmium and lead) in waste, and limiting
the presence of such substances in products and in production processes. Exemptions from the
directive requirements are only permitted if substitution is not possible from the scientific and
technical  point  of  view  or  if  the  negative  environmental  or  health  impacts  caused  by
substitution are likely to outweigh the human and environmental benefits of the substitution.
This alone clearly imposes that cadmium (in CdTe) should be allowed in PV systems if, and
only if, all alternative PV technologies –that do not use any of the substances banned by the
§
Such as the COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the protection of the
health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work (fourteenth
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)
Wuppertal Institute 2010       5
directive–can not replace CdTe PV systems in a way that is satisfactory for human health and
the environment. Therefore, the indication that CdTe in PV is in a stable form under normal
use conditions and in case of foreseeable accidents (see (1) above) is not as such an argument
in favour of CdTe PV systems, as long as substitutive technologies exist, which is the case
(silicon-based PV). As long as CdTe PV systems are allowed, there will be cadmium used in
production  processes,  present  in  consumer  products,  and eventually  in  waste  streams,  all
things that the directive is designed to help avoid (despite (3) above).
Furthermore,  independent  testing  has  shown  that  CdTe  modules  exhibit  a  high  maximum
leaching  potential  of  both  cadmium  and  tellurium  (NGI  2009a,  NGI 2009b).  It  means  that
away from normal use conditions and benign accidents, leaching of cadmium can occur. Tests
have shown that when the CdTe film is exposed to water (for example the protective glass
layers are damaged) CdTe dissolves, thus increasing the risk of leaching into the environment.
While it is true that CdTe PV displacing conventional coal and oil power generation prevents
large amounts of cadmium from being emitted into the air (see (2) above), the same stands for
other  PV  technologies  that do  not  rely  on  CdTe,  such  as  Si-based  PV.  Recent  LCAs  (e.g.
Fthenakis et al. 2008) show that the differences in the indirect emissions of cadmium between
different PV technologies (based on the amount of energy needed for the production of the
PV  system)  are  very  small  in  comparison  to  the  emissions  from  conventional  energy
technologies  that  PV  could  displace. Therefore,  the  life  cycle  performance  regarding
cadmium  emissions  of  different  PV  technologies  are  not  that  far  apart  as  to  justify  an
exemption of CdTe PV from the RoHS directive.
To restrict the use of hazardous substances in EEE and to allow for strategies that stimulate
research  into  substitutes,  are  both stated  aims  of  the  RoHS  directive.  The  exclusion  of
photovoltaics  from  the  RoHS  directive  may have  contributed  to  the  fact  that  CdTe  PV
systems benefited from lower production costs compared to other cadmium-free alternative
technologies (see (4) above) to fuel their strong recent growth. Because cadmium is a wasteproduct  of  zinc,  production  does not  slow  down  even  if  demand  drops.  Consequently,
sufficient amounts of cadmium are available and affordable for the PV industry today, in part
because it was widely banned from electronic products by the RoHS directive and from other
applications like pigment in plastics or glass because of environmental and health concerns
(USGS 2010). Therefore, part of the cadmium that could no longer be used in EEE, plastics
and glass is now to be found in the production of solar electricity from photovoltaics.
There are, however, several PV technology alternatives, all with their particular strengths and
weaknesses,  and  which  all  are  continuously  improved,  requiring  intensive  targeted  R&D
activities. Further delaying permanent ban on cadmium-based PV technologies will send the
wrong  signal  to  producers  and  investors  and  deprive  other  technological  options  from  the
conditions needed to ramp up production capacities and decrease production costs. Moreover,
on  the  consumption  side,  the  stock  of  cadmium-containing  PV  will  grow,  aggravating  the
issue of hazardous waste disposal at the end of their lifetime.
There is to date virtually no experience in the management of end-of-life CdTe PV systems,
or of other PV technologies. PV systems installed today are expected to last for25+ years. By
Wuppertal Institute 2010       6
the time they will need to be disposed of, the company that produced the modules may no
longer exist. The last owner of the installation may very well be different from the first buyer,
ignorant of any take-back system put in place, or reluctant to bare the costs for dismantling its
end-of-life  PV  system.  To  prevent  hazardous  substances  from  ending  up  in  waste  streams
which  nobody  can  assure  that  they  will  be  properly  managed,  the  preferred  option  should
always be to refrain from using such substances in the first place.
Furthermore,  for  the  recycling  of  cadmium  and  lead  contained  in  photovoltaics  to  be
economic 25 years from now, demand will be needed for these metals at that time. However,
bans on cadmium and lead are clearly expected to reach ever further. Even if photovoltaics
were to be the last application where cadmium and lead are allowed, it will probably have
moved away from the CdTe technology by that time –e.g. organic PV may have taken over.
In the end, the problem will be that of toxic waste disposal –not recycling.
The  extension  of  the  RoHS  directive  to  PV  systems  will  not  only  influence  which
semiconductors can be used, it will also restrict the use of lead in soldersin such systems. The
same reasoning as for cadmium apply. Furthermore, the development of lead-free solders for
other  electronic  products  and  components  has  been  demonstrated  and  is  now  established.
There is no principle argument why it should not work with PV.
3. Effects of an extension of the RoHS directive to photovoltaics
3.1. Effects abroad and on international trade
The  RoHS  directive  has  a  strong  influence  outside  of  the  European  Union.  When  the  EU
decides to restrict the use of certain materials in electronic and electrical equipment, thiswill
lead to a worldwide phase-out on these materials in EEE, especially in products exported to
the  EU.  PV  are  exported  from  and  imported  to  the  EU.  The  RoHS  directive  has  value  of
example and has a massive influence on production world-wide.
Furthermore, coverage of PV by the RoHSdirective will not only impose a ban on hazardous
substances in semiconductors for PV but also on lead solders. Both aspects are important for
the production, the use, and –especially–the end-of-life of PV in developing countries.Even
though it might bethat some PV producers have a recycling system, cadmium and lead will
be widely banned when PV produced today reach the end of their lifetime (in 25 to 30 years).
Then, there will be no need for recycling CdTe and lead, but for a safe waste treatment.
The experience  of  electronic  wastes  shows  clearly  that  recycling  concepts  developed  in
industrial countries are not sufficient in a global context. A certain amount of electronic waste
will  be  handled  in  developing  countries  under  inappropriate  conditions,  far  away  from  any
kind of safe working conditions. This is highly relevant because especially cheap PV can be
an  option  for  less  developed  countries  and  regions.  It  can  make  a  basic  electrification
possible, induce  development  in  rural  regions,  and,  to  a  certain  degree,  reduce   rural
depopulation. However, considering typical circumstances in such areas, it seems unrealistic
Wuppertal Institute 2010       7
to  expect  collection  and  recycling  schemes  for  used  PV to  be as  reliable  as  in  Europe.
Therefore, strict European directives forcing thesubstitution of hazardous substances not only
influence Europe but can also ensure additional protection to other regions.
3.2. Effects on competitiveness and employment
Growing and reliable solar markets around the world and especially in Europe have provided
PV  manufacturers  the  opportunity  to  scale  and  reduce  costs  (Gillette  2010).  On  that  basis,
producers of CdTe PV deployed a smart and aggressive expansion of production capacities
(incl. easily duplicable, automated large scale production centres located in countries where
costs of labour are low). This management, rather than a better technology per se, explains the
competitive  price  point  of CdTe  technology  against  silicon-based  alternatives  (Beyer  et  al.
2009). Therefore, a ban on cadmium and lead wouldnot hinder the photovoltaic industry to
continue improving its competitiveness.
The  market  share  of  thin  film  PV  technologies  has  almost  tripled  globally  in  the  past  five
years  (from  5.9%  in  2004  to  16.7%  in  2009).  The  exponential  growth  of  CdTe  PV  was
instrumental in this trend. In 2009, CdTe photovoltaics accounted for 9% of the global PV
market,  for  only  1.1%  in  2004.  Both  alternative  thin  film  technologies  (amorphous  Si  and
CIGS) also captured new market shares, although at a much slower rate. The drastic increase
in the number of CdTe PV installed in the past years means a quick growth of the stock of
cadmium in EEE across the world. This is a concern for the coming 25 to 30 years, but even
more for the years after, when those modules reach the end of their lifetime.
Figure 1: Global market shares of the different thin film PV technologies. CdTe, a-Si/µ-Si,
and CIGS stand for cadmium-telluride, amorphous/ microcrystallinesilicon,and copperindium-gallium-selenium, respectively.Data source: Photon (4-2008), Photon international
(3-2009, 4-2009)
Wuppertal Institute 2010       8
The cost per installed kWp was nearly halved during the last 4 years. With sustained public
incentives,  the  installed  cost  of  photovoltaics  is  on  a  pathway  toward  grid  parity.  High
irradiance solar projects will reach it first. A ban on CdTe photovoltaics will not prevent this
from happening, even though it may delay it.
Figure 2: Cost of PV per installed kWp. Data source:BSW (2010)
For 2009 the employment figures in photovoltaics for the European Union were estimated in
the range of 85,000 to 90,000 (Jäger-Waldau 2009).Of this number, less than 1% correspond
to people  employed  in  CdTe  module  production  in  Europe  (Beyer  et  al.  2009).  About  two
thirds of the employees in the photovoltaic sector in Europe work in the installation of solar
modules.  These  jobs  are  bound  to  demand  in  Europe,  which  is  not  technology  related  but
depends  on  public  incentives.  Hence,  an  extension  of  the  RoHS  directive  will  have  only
negligible effectson European labour market.
3.3. Effects on environmental and climate targets
Analyses  over  the  complete  life-cycle  of  photovoltaics  have  shown  that emissions  of
greenhouse  gases,  air pollutants (SOx,  NOx), and heavy  metals  are  insignificant  in
comparison to the emissions that they replace when introduced in average European and U.S.
grids(Fthenakis et al. 2008). This is true regardless of the PV technology selected.
Among  PV  technology  options,  thin-films  require  lower  material  and  energy  inputs  in  the
production process. Consequently, CdTe PV induce substantially less emissions (GHG,SOx,
NOx, heavy metals) life-cycle wide per KWh produced than non thin-film silicon-based PV
(Fthenakis  et  al.  2008). However,  it  is  not  clear  how  CdTe  PV  performs  in  those  terms
compared to thin-film silicon-based technologies. In any case, the gap must be smaller than
with non thin-film alternatives.
Photovoltaics will continueto play an important role in the rise of renewable energies and in
Wuppertal Institute 2010       9
climate change mitigation. Therefore, supply of PV systems needs to be able to meet demand
even  if  the  scope  of  the  RoHS  directive  is  extended. The  global  market  for  photovoltaics
shows today an oversupply that is larger than the share of CdTe technology in that market
(Beyer et al. 2009). Current competitors of CdTe technology have the capacity to buffer in the
coming  years  any  drop  in  supply  due  to  a  ban  on  cadmium.  Future  new  entrants  with
technologies in R&D today will also increase the offer in the coming decade.
Expected levels of demand will be met with or without CdTe PV. In general, PV technology
will  also  continue  to  improve  towards  lower  per  kWh  impact  than  the  existing  options
(Raugei  and  Frankl  2009).  Climate  targets  that  for  a  part  rely  on  the  development  of
photovoltaics will not be adversely affected by the extension of the RoHS. Overall sustainable
development goals will be positively affected.
4. Conclusions
The conclusion of this position paperis that no matter how low potential environmental and
health  impacts  may  be  under  normal  operating  conditions  of  CdTe  PV,  it  is  not  a  valid
argument against the extension of the RoHS directive to photovoltaics. Cadmium and lead in
market  products  should  be  substituted  when  substitutes  exist,  which  is  the  case  for
photovoltaics.  It  is  the essence  of  the  RoHS  directive.  Recycling  is  not  a  realistic  option
because  it  is  only  a  question  of  time  until  cadmium  modules  and  lead  solders  are  widely
banned  and  it  is  quite  open  which  kind  of  photovoltaics  we  will  use  in  25  or  30  years.
Cadmium and lead should not spread in EEE, but need to be disposed of safely.
CdTe solar cell technology is only one of many PV technologies. A ban on CdTe PV will not
end the development of photovoltaics. The main goal of the application of PV is the reduction
of greenhouse gasemissionsfrom electricity production as an important part of sustainable
development.  But  today’s  discussion  on  climate  change  inadequately  limits  the  focus.  The
best way towards environmental protection and sustainable development is not limited to the
cheapest possible PV.
Producers  of  CdTe  PV  and  users  of  lead-solders  have  preferred  collective  and  individual
protection mechanisms to substitution. This is against the widely accepted order of priority
for  protection  measures.  It  is  inherently  safer  to  prevent  the  use  of  a  hazardous  material,
which  reflects  the  rationale  of  the  RoHS  directive.  If  a  hazardous  material  is  used,  even  if
there is an established recycling concept, there is still a risk of losses during the use phase and
recycling processes, and in countries receiving EU exports the establishment of a functioning
PV  recycling  may  take  still  some  decades.  The  extension  of  the  RoHS  will  ensure  that
existing  cadmium-free  solar  cells  and  lead-free  solders  alternatives  are  used  and  further
developed in photovoltaics.
Wuppertal Institute 2010       10
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Fthenakis, V et al. (2008) Emissions from Photovoltaic Life Cycles. Environmental Science &
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Gillette, R. (2010) Statement of Robert Gillette, Chief Executive Officer, First Solar before
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